AbleArch

Serviced Offices UK

2006-07-18T09:30:00.000-07:00

Office Planet is the one stop shop website for Serviced Offices UK. Serviced Offices UK provide several advantages over traditional office space. Offices are fully furnished, staffed and equipped with everything your business will require. Business centre support services also cater to all business needs on a fully flexible, immediately available basis.
Serviced Offices are truly flexible and provide any company looking for a Serviced Office with the perfect solution. We offer any size or combination of fully-furnished offices to match any budget or space requirements and a full range of services and products can suit and exceed your ever-changing business needs.
Serviced Offices are also more cost effective and can save your company over 30% as well as providing a range of facilities and services that are all offered at extremely competitive rates, making Office Planet Serviced Offices significantly cheaper than Conventional Office Space.

James Hull Cosmetic Dentists in Birmingham

2006-06-27T23:54:00.000-07:00

Having recently moved to Birmingham and being completely passionate about my dental hygiene I was very pleased to find when searching online that there is a James Hull Cosmetic Dentist in Birmingham. After booking my appointment my Dental Consultant offer me a range of treatments from Braces, Dental Veneers, cosmetic dentistry to teeth whitening. I overlooked the cosmetic dentistry but had the teeth whitening treatment which was has a new laser teeth whitening technology which is apparently the first in Birmingham. James Hull Dentists in Birmingham are centrally located and are without a doubt the best Cosmetic Dentist Birmingham has to offer.

Indian Ocean, Trenches

2005-11-19T03:55:00.000-08:00

The Indian Ocean has the fewest trenches of any of the world's oceans. The narrow (50 miles), volcanic, and seismically active Java Trench is the world's second longest, stretching more than 1,600 miles from southwest of Java and continuing northward as the Sunda Trench past Sumatra, with an extension along the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Mollet, Guy

2005-07-26T08:50:00.000-07:00

A teacher of English at the Arras lycée, Mollet joined the Socialist Party in 1921. In 1939 he was elected secretary-general of the Teaching Federation, a Socialist

Xochicalco

2005-07-23T21:25:00.000-07:00

Xochicalco was built primarily during the 8th and 9th centuries AD and soon became an important trading centre. Although it also served for many years as a prominent religious centre, it was apparently turned

East Aurora

2005-07-08T19:00:00.000-07:00

Village, Erie county, western New York, U.S. It lies 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Buffalo and, oddly enough, 90 miles (145 km) west of Aurora. Settled in 1804, it was incorporated as Willink in 1849 and as East Aurora in 1874. Inspired by the English designer William Morris and his communal Kelmscott Press, the editor and publisher Elbert Hubbard established the Roycroft Press in East Aurora in 1893; he later

Carlini, Armando

2005-07-06T23:15:00.000-07:00

Educated at

Amis, Sir Kingsley

2005-07-01T01:20:00.000-07:00

Amis was educated at the City of London School and at St. John's College, Oxford (B.A., 1949). His education was interrupted during World War II by his service as a lieutenant in the Royal Corps of Signals.

Gisborne

2005-06-23T07:25:00.000-07:00

Unitary authority, east-central North Island, New Zealand. The authority includes the eastern side of East Cape (the easternmost promontory of North Island), most of the Raukumara Range, and the Waipaoa and Mata rivers. Gisborne is bounded by the Bay of Plenty local government region to the west and by the Pacific Ocean to the north and east. The cape was the first landing

Giraudoux, (hyppolyte-) Jean

2005-06-21T13:15:00.000-07:00

Giraudoux was educated at the École Normale Superiéure and made the diplomatic service his career. He became known as an avant-garde writer with a group of early poetic novels, such as Suzanne et le

Rif War

2005-06-16T16:45:00.000-07:00

By the Treaty of Fez (1912), Spain had been awarded the mountainous zones around Melilla and Ceuta, in Morocco. The two zones had few, if any, roads and were separated by the Bay of Alhucemas, making communications and development difficult. In 1920 the Spanish commissioner, General Dámaso Berenguer, decided

Puerto Cabello

2005-06-13T11:35:00.000-07:00

Port city, northern Carabobo state, north-central Venezuela, situated on the Caribbean Sea. In colonial times, the waters of its well-protected harbour were said to be so smooth that a single hair (Spanish cabello) could moor a vessel to the dock, hence the name. The settlement has played a prominent part in Venezuelan history as a target of pirate attacks, a smuggling centre,

Catalpa

2005-06-01T21:10:00.000-07:00

Any of 11 species of trees in the genus Catalpa (family Bignoniaceae), native to eastern Asia, eastern North America, and the West Indies. Catalpas have large, attractive leaves and showy, white, yellowish, or purplish flowers. The catalpa fruit is a long cylindrical pod bearing numerous seeds with white tufts of hair at each end. The common catalpa is C. bignonioides, which

Lu-chou

2005-05-18T11:30:00.000-07:00

Pinyin Luzhou, city in southern Szechwan sheng (province), China. A river port at the junction of the Yangtze River and the T'o River, Lu-chou's communications were further improved during World War II, when a highway was built south across the mountains to K'un-ming in Yunnan province to connect Szechwan to the Burma Road. Lu-chou, although an ancient city, remains essentially a river

2005-05-18T11:25:00.000-07:00

Malherbe, François De

2005-05-16T16:45:00.000-07:00

Malherbe received a Protestant education at Caen and Paris and later at the universities of Basel (1571) and Heidelberg (1573) but was shortly converted

Paul Of Samosata

2005-05-14T14:25:00.000-07:00

Paul

Race, Japan's minority peoples

2005-03-15T03:26:00.000-08:00

A few ethnographic studies have suggested to some that a form of racial ideology may also have developed independently of the West in some traditional societies such as that of Japan, where various minority peoples, notably the burakumin (pejoratively called Eta) and the Ainu, have been victimized and exploited by the dominant society. Discrimination against

Apprenticeship Novel

2005-03-14T18:36:00.000-08:00

Biographical novel that concentrates on an individual's youth and his social and moral initiation into adulthood. The class derives from Goethe's Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (1795 - 96; Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship). It became a traditional novel form in German literature, where it is called Bildungsroman (�novel of educational formation�). An English example is Dickens'

Tea And Coffee Service

2005-03-06T11:44:00.000-08:00

Set of vessels and implements for making and serving tea and coffee, the items often of matched design. Elaborate 18th-century examples had tea and coffee pots, a milk or cream jug, a pair of tea caddies, a sugar bowl and pair of tongs, teaspoons and a small tray for them, a tea strainer, and cups and saucers. All of these were normally placed on a tray, while an urn or kettle on a separate

Sabae

2005-03-05T11:58:00.000-08:00

City, Fukui ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, in the northern end of the Takefu basin. The city first formed around the Buddhist Josho temple and became a post town after 1720. An administrative centre in the late 19th century, it gained importance as a centre for the production of silk and synthetic fibres. Specialized industries, such as the manufacture of optical frames and roof

Argentite

2005-03-04T20:33:00.000-08:00

Argentite, like several other sulfides, selenides, and tellurides of silver and copper, forms isometric crystals at high temperatures, but upon

B-17

2005-03-03T00:27:00.000-08:00

Also called �Flying Fortress, � U.S. heavy bomber used during World War II. The B-17 was designed by the Boeing Aircraft Company to specifications written in 1934. A prototype flew in 1935, and the craft was in small-scale production in 1937. The seventh substantial variation of the original design, the B-17G, was equipped with superchargers to allow it to cruise at 35,000 feet (10,670 m) at a maximum speed of 287 miles per hour (462 km/h). It was called

Iriga

2005-03-02T21:12:00.000-08:00

City, southeastern Luzon, Philippines. It is located in the central part of Bicol Peninsula, about 20 miles (30 km) southeast of Naga. Iriga is named for the extinct volcano (3,976 feet [1,212 m]) in whose shadow it stands. The land surrounding Mount Iriga is extremely rough and suitable mainly for abaca (Manila hemp) plantations. Agriculture is the main economic activity in the area. Inc. city,

Aluminum Processing

2005-03-01T14:57:00.000-08:00

Aluminum, or aluminium (Al), is a silvery white metal with a melting point of 660� C (1,220� F) and a density of 2.7 grams per cubic centimetre. The most abundant metallic element, it constitutes 8.1 percent of the Earth's crust. In nature it occurs chemically combined with oxygen and other elements. In the pure state it is soft and ductile, but

Furniture, Kinds of accessory furnishings

2005-02-28T15:02:00.000-08:00

Besides the aforementioned kinds of furniture and all the many special forms (which it would be almost impossible to list), there is an extensive group of accessory furnishings that is not furniture in the strict sense but, nevertheless, constitutes an important element in the furnishing of interiors. Included here are clocks and other mechanical works, mirrors,

Medicine, Britain

2005-02-27T06:23:00.000-08:00

Public health services in Britain are organized locally under the National Health Service. The medical officer of health is employed by the local council and is the adviser in health matters. The larger councils employ a number of mostly full-time medical officers; in some rural areas, a general practitioner may be employed part-time as medical officer of

Tsushima, Battle Of

2005-02-26T07:36:00.000-08:00

The Japanese had been unable to secure the complete command of the sea because the Russian naval squadrons at Port Arthur and Vladivostok made sorties and both sides suffered losses in the ensuing engagements. Meanwhile, the Russian government decided

Scandinavian Literature, Developments in Danish literature

2005-02-25T23:16:00.000-08:00

In 1536 the Lutheran Reformation was carried through in Denmark, and the beginning of the 16th century was characterized by many pamphlets for or against the Roman Catholic Church. European humanism and the Renaissance made their influence felt also in Denmark, where Christiern Pedersen was the most prominent humanist who supported the Reformation. He edited Gesta

Muir, John

2005-02-24T11:58:00.000-08:00

Muir emigrated from Scotland with his family to a farm near Portage, Wis., in 1849. After attending the University of Wisconsin, Madison, he worked on mechanical inventions,

Arruza, Carlos

2005-02-23T10:58:00.000-08:00

Born in Mexico of Spanish parents, he began as a professional torero at the age of 14 in Mexico City. He went to Spain in 1944 billed as �El Cicl�n� and soon was ranked as the most serious contender to challenge Manolete's preeminence

Georgia

2005-02-22T05:51:00.000-08:00

Constituent state of the United States of America. The largest of the U.S. states east of the Mississippi River and by many years the youngest of the 13 former English colonies, Georgia was founded in 1732, at which time its boundaries were even larger - including much of the present-day states of Alabama and Mississippi. Its area of 58,910 square miles (152,576 square kilometres) presents numerous

Astyanax

2005-02-21T18:56:00.000-08:00

In Greek legend, prince, son of the Trojan prince Hector and his wife Andromache; he was also known as Scamandrius, after the River Scamander, near Troy. After the fall of Troy he was hurled from the battlements of the city by the Greek warrior Neoptolemus. According to medieval legend, however, he survived the war, established the kingdom of Messina in Sicily, and founded

China, Armed forces

2005-02-20T15:00:00.000-08:00

The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the unified organization of all Chinese land, sea, and air forces. The history of the PLA is officially traced to the Nan-ch'ang Uprising of Aug. 1, 1927, which is celebrated annually as PLA Day. The PLA is one of the world's largest military forces, with approximately 3,000,000 members. Military service is compulsory for all men who attain the age of 18; women

Conductor

2005-02-19T20:59:00.000-08:00

In music, a person who conducts an orchestra, chorus, opera company, ballet, or other musical group in the performance and interpretation of ensemble works. At the most fundamental level, a conductor must stress the musical pulse so that all the performers can follow the same metrical rhythm. The keeping of this rhythmic beat is accomplished by a stylized set of arm

Tonga

2005-02-18T17:21:00.000-08:00

Agriculture is the mainstay of the Tongan economy. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans constitute the main cash crops, and other important crops include yams, taro, cassava, corn (maize), watermelons, pineapples, and tomatoes. All land is essentially owned by the Crown, but large estates have been divided among the nobles of Tonga. Land is parceled out to peasant proprietors:

Aranjuez

2005-02-17T13:30:00.000-08:00

Ancient (Latin) �Ara Jovis� town, Madrid provincia and comunidad aut�noma (�autonomous community�), central Spain, on the southern bank of the Tagus River near its confluence with the Jarama. The town, which has existed since Roman times, was the headquarters of the Knights of Santiago (1387 - 1409) and became the seat of a royal summer residence and hunting lodge in the 17th century. It was rebuilt in about 1750 by Ferdinand

Mcmanus, Rachel Louise

2005-02-16T22:18:00.000-08:00

McManus graduated from the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York, before earning a nursing degree from the Massachusetts General Hospital School of Nursing. Her long association with Columbia

Gregory, Horace

2005-02-15T23:44:00.000-08:00

Gregory began to write poetry while studying Latin in college, and he first contributed to periodicals in the early 1920s. Finding formal verse inadequate, he tried to combine the idiom of modern life with literary influences

Oman, Gulf Of

2005-02-14T07:00:00.000-08:00

Northwest arm of the Arabian Sea, between the eastern portion (Oman) of the Arabian Peninsula to the southwest and Iran to the north. The gulf is 200 miles (320 km) wide between Cape al-Hadd in Oman and Gwadar Bay on the Pakistan - Iran border. It is 350 miles (560 km) long and connects with the Persian Gulf to the northwest through the Strait of Hormuz. The small ports along the gulf include Suhar,

Frederick Louis, Prince Of Wales

2005-02-13T13:00:00.000-08:00

After his grandfather became king of Great Britain as George I in 1714, Frederick was betrothed to Wilhelmina Sophia Dorothea,

Brook, Peter

2005-02-12T16:31:00.000-08:00

Attaining at an early age the status of one of the foremost British directors, Brook introduced the plays of Jean Cocteau and Jean-Paul Sartre (including Vicious

Interior Design, Special subjects

2005-02-11T15:00:00.000-08:00

Johannes Itten, Kunst der Farbe (1961; Eng. trans., The Art of Color, 1961); Faber Birren, Color for Interiors, Historical and Modern (1963); Leslie Larson, Lighting and Its Design (1964); John F. Pile (ed.), Drawings of Architectural Interiors (1967); Mario G. Salvadori and Robert Heller, Structure in Architecture (1963), a very readable introduction to structural principles understandable to laymen, but written on a professional level; Mario Dal Fabbro, Modern Furniture, 2nd ed. (1958). Edward Lucie-Smith, The Story of Craft: The Craftsman's Role in Society (1981), explores the unifying and the distinctive features of craft and fine arts.

Shamanism, Personal characteristics and selection

2005-02-09T10:58:00.000-08:00

Scholars generally agree that the shaman acquires his profession through inheritance, learning, or an inner call, or �vocation,� but each of these terms requires some qualification. �Inheritance� means that the soul of a dead shaman or the so-called shaman illness is inherited. �Learning� here does not usually mean the study of exact knowledge and explicit dogma, for the

Cimmerian

2005-02-08T14:49:00.000-08:00

Member of an ancient people living north of the Caucasus and the Sea of Azov, driven by the Scythians out of southern Russia, over the Caucasus, and into Anatolia toward the end of the 8th century BC. Ancient writers sometimes confused them with the Scythians. Most scholars now believe that the Cimmerians assaulted Urartu (Armenia) about 714 BC, but in 705, after being repulsed by Sargon

Ames, Aldrich

2005-02-07T08:02:00.000-08:00

The son of a CIA analyst, Ames attended the University of Chicago for two years before becoming a CIA trainee in 1962; he also attended George Washington

Hebrew Literature, Adoption of Arabic metre

2005-02-06T08:52:00.000-08:00

Biblical Hebrew was re-established as the literary idiom about 900 by Sa'adia ben Joseph, grammarian and religious polemicist. The Arabic system of quantitative metre was adapted for Hebrew during this period (900 - 1000), probably by Dunash ben Labrat. At first the piyyut form was retained for religious poems, and the new metres were used only for secular poetry, which closely imitated

Residual Landform

2005-02-05T07:25:00.000-08:00

Also called �Relict Landform, � landform that was produced as the remains of an ancient landscape, escaping burial or destruction to remain as part of the present landscape. Residual landforms are often the result of changed climatic conditions, but they may be due to volcanism or to crustal uplift and downwarping. Examples of residual landforms are extinct volcanic cones, inactive stone rivers

Amorphous Solid, The radial distribution function

2005-02-04T23:51:00.000-08:00

The absence of long-range order is the defining characteristic of the atomic arrangement in amorphous solids. However, because of the absence in glasses of long parallel rows and flat parallel planes of atoms, it is extremely difficult to determine details of the atomic arrangement with the structure-probing techniques (such as X-ray diffraction) that are so successful

Chemical Banking Corporation

2005-02-03T22:39:00.000-08:00

The holding company's principal subsidiary was Chemical Bank, which was chartered in 1824 in New York City as a division of the New York Chemical Manufacturing Company. Manufacturing activities were dropped in 1832. In 1844 the company was reconstituted as a state bank, and the chemical

Spahn, Warren

2005-02-02T08:25:00.000-08:00

In full� Warren Edward Spahn � American professional baseball player whose total of 363 major-league victories established a record for left-handed pitchers. His feat of winning 20 or more games in each of 13 seasons also was a record for left-handers. He set still another mark by striking out at least 100 batters each year for 17 consecutive seasons

Paasikivi, Juho Kusti

2005-02-01T20:53:00.000-08:00

Paasikivi studied law and history at the universities of Stockholm, Uppsala, and Leipzig and from 1902 to 1903 was a lecturer in law at the University

Channel Islands

2005-01-31T15:46:00.000-08:00

Also called �Santa Barbara Islands� island chain extending some 150 miles (240 km) along, and about 12 - 70 miles (20 - 115 km) off, the Pacific coast of southern California. The islands form two groups. The Santa Barbara group, to the north, is separated from the mainland by the Santa Barbara Channel and includes San Miguel Island, Santa Rosa Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Anacapa, a group of three small islets. The Santa Catalina group

Termier, Henri-fran�ois-�mile

2005-01-30T20:06:00.000-08:00

Termier was a geologist for the Morocco Mine Service from 1925 until 1940, when he became head of the Morocco Geological Service; in 1945 he became a professor at the University of Algiers and in 1955 joined the Sorbonne, where he became the chairman

Tacna

2005-01-29T13:45:00.000-08:00

Southernmost departamento of Peru, bounded by the Pacific Ocean (southwest), Bolivia (northeast), and Chile (south). It occupies an area of 6,171 square miles (15,983 square km). In the coastal desert of the southwest, settlement depends on irrigation provided by the Locumba and Sama rivers. The northeast lies high in the Andes. The one area of concentrated settlement is around the city

Vysotsky, Vladimir

2005-01-28T05:24:00.000-08:00

Vysotsky's parents were divorced soon after his

Mitiaro

2005-01-27T19:14:00.000-08:00

Island in the lower Cook Islands, a dependency of New Zealand, southwest Pacific Ocean. It is a raised coral atoll, with a land area of 8.6 sq mi (22.3 sq km), and is encircled by a reef. Its interior of fertile volcanic soil, ringed by swamps and limestone, supports copra and citrus fruits. Stands of sandalwood occur. Pop. (1981) 256.

Asylum Records

2005-01-26T23:12:00.000-08:00

The driving force behind Asylum Records, the musical embodiment of the �Me Decade� (writer Tom Wolfe's characterization of the 1970s), was New York City-born David Geffen, who nurtured most of the major figures in the wave of singer-songwriters who followed Bob Dylan's lead. Having learned the ropes with the William Morris Agency, Geffen and Elliot Roberts left that company

Hydra

2005-01-24T02:31:00.000-08:00

Genus of invertebrate freshwater animals of the class Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria). The body of such an organism consists of a thin, usually translucent tube that measures up to about 30 millimetres (1.2 inches) long but is capable of great contraction. The body wall is comprised of two layers of cells separated by a thin, structureless layer of connective tissue called the

Binding Energy

2005-01-23T07:23:00.000-08:00

Nuclear binding energy is the energy required to separate an atomic nucleus

Kamban, Gudmundur

2005-01-22T17:12:00.000-08:00

Kamban's greatest work is the

Buzau

2005-01-21T06:52:00.000-08:00

Judet (county), southeastern Romania, occupying an area of 2,344 square miles (6,072 square km). The Buzau mountain range, part of the Eastern Carpathians and the sub-Carpathian mountains, lies in the west, rising above settlement areas in the valleys and lowlands. The Buzau River and its tributaries drain eastward. Buzau city, the county capital, has been an economic centre with ties to

Grace, William Gilbert

2005-01-20T14:14:00.000-08:00

In his career in first-class

Kahlo, Frida

2005-01-19T09:55:00.000-08:00

In 1925 Kahlo was involved in a bus accident that so seriously injured her that she had to

Ottonian Art

2005-01-17T07:58:00.000-08:00

Painting, sculpture, and other visual arts produced during the reigns of the German Ottonian emperors and their first successors from the Salic house (950 - 1050). As inheritors of the Carolingian tradition of the Holy Roman Empire, the German emperors also assumed the Carolingian artistic heritage, the conscientious revival of late antique and Early Christian art forms

Bacan

2005-01-16T09:06:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Bachan, or Batjan, � island, Maluku Utara kabupaten (North Molucca regency), Maluku propinsi (province), Indonesia, one of the northern Moluccas in the Molucca Sea. The islands of Kasiruta to the northwest, Mandioli to the west, and about 80 other islets compose the Kepulauan Bacan group. With an area of about 700 sq mi (1,800 sq km), Bacan is mountainous in the south, rising to 6,926 ft (2,111 m), relatively level and lower

Kikuchi Kan

2005-01-15T21:57:00.000-08:00

As a student at the First Higher School in Tokyo, Kikuchi became acquainted with the future novelists Akutagawa Ryunosuke and Kume Masao. Later, while attending Kyoto Imperial University, he worked with them on the literary magazine Shinshicho (�New

Bel Fruit

2005-01-14T05:34:00.000-08:00

Bel also spelled �Bael, �also called �Bengal Quince� (species Aegle marmelos), fruit of the bel tree of the family Rutaceae, found wild or cultivated throughout India. The trees bear strong spines; alternate, compound leaves, each with three leaflets; and panicles of sweet-scented white flowers. The tree is valued for its fruit, which is oblong to pyriform in shape and 50 - 250 mm (2 - 10 inches) in diameter. The fruit has a gray or yellow rind

Awangarda Krakowska

2005-01-13T16:28:00.000-08:00

Avant-garde literary movement in Poland, launched in Krak�w in 1922 and centring around a local periodical, Zwrotnica (1922 - 27; �Switch�). Tadeusz Peiper, the first poet in Poland to advance a poetics opposed to that of the Skamander group of poets (who had turned toward the classical in their effort to forge a modernist poetry), was Zwrotnica's editor from 1922 to 1923 and again from 1926 to 1927. (Peiper

Gas

2005-01-12T14:09:00.000-08:00

The best elementary discussion of the kinetic theory of gases is T.G. Cowling, Molecules in Motion (1960), clearly explaining the fundamental physical ideas without excessive mathematical manipulation. Other elementary books include Joel H. Hildebrand, An Introduction to Molecular Kinetic Theory (1963); Sidney Golden, Elements of the Theory of Gases (1964); and Walter Kauzmann, Kinetic Theory of Gases (1966). Two excellent books make greater demands on the mathematical background of the reader: James Jeans, An Introduction to the Kinetic Theory of Gases (1940, reissued 1982), which is an abridged and slightly simplified version of the author's classic The Dynamical Theory of Gases, 4th ed. (1925, reissued 1954); and Richard D. Present, Kinetic Theory of Gases (1958), an excellent though selective textbook. The historical literature is especially rich; the following works may be profitably consulted: J.S. Rowlinson (ed.), J.D. van der Waals: On the Continuity of the Gaseous and Liquid States (1988), a translation of van der Waals's 1873 Dutch thesis with a marvelous extended introductory essay by the editor that is unique in the field and surveys modern developments in the theory of liquids and solutions; Stephen G. Brush (ed.), Kinetic Theory, 3 vol. (1965 - 72), a set of famous historical papers along with introductory commentaries and summaries by the editor; Robert Lindsay (ed.), Early Concepts of Energy in Atomic Physics (1979), selections from famous historical papers - many of them omitted from the previous work - together with the editor's comments; and Stephen G. Brush, The Kind of Motion We Call Heat: A History of the Kinetic Theory of Gases in the 19th Century, 2 vol. (1976, reissued 1986), a thorough historical account without much mathematics, and Statistical Physics and the Atomic Theory of Matter: From Boyle and Newton to Landau and Onsager (1983), covering a much broader range and requiring a thorough scientific background. More advanced professional treatments include Sydney Chapman and T.G. Cowling, The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform Gases, 3rd ed. (1970, reprinted 1990), the acknowledged classic on the modern kinetic theory of gases based on the Enskog-Chapman approach; Joseph O. Hirschfelder, Charles F. Curtiss, and R. Byron Bird, Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids (1954, reissued with added notes 1964), a monumental compendium of detailed results on equations of state, transport properties of gases, and intermolecular forces, especially valuable as a reference; J.H. Ferziger and H.G. Kaper, Mathematical Theory of Transport Processes in Gases (1972), successfully combining the best features of the previous two works; Carlo Cercignani, The Boltzmann Equation and Its Applications (1988), by a mathematician, one of the few books that concerns itself with free-molecule gases and the transition to continuum behaviour; and Frederick R.W. McCourt et al., Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Polyatomic Gases, 2 vol. (1990 - 91), an account of the extension of the Enskog-Chapman theory to include truly molecular shape effects, including the effects of external electric and magnetic fields and of surface collisions. Special topics are addressed in Martin Knudsen, The Kinetic Theory of Gases, 3rd ed. (1950), a series of lectures from 1933 on rarefied gas phenomena, by one of the experimental pioneers in the subject; K.E. Grew and T.L. Ibbs, Thermal Diffusion in Gases (1952), a short monograph on one of the more intriguing special topics of the kinetic theory of gases; J.S. Rowlinson, The Perfect Gas (1963), emphasizing the internal mechanics of molecules as related to the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of gases by statistical mechanics; and E.A. Mason and T.H. Spurling, The Virial Equation of State (1969), emphasizing experimental measurements and the detailed connection with intermolecular forces.

Brianchon, Charles-julien

2005-01-11T01:09:00.000-08:00

In 1804 Brianchon entered the �cole Polytechnique in Paris, where

Astoria

2005-01-10T07:00:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1844) of Clatsop county, northwestern Oregon, U.S., on the south bank of the Columbia River (there bridged to Megler, Washington) near its mouth on the Pacific Ocean. It is near the site of Oregon's first military establishment, Fort Clatsop, built by the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which wintered there (1805 - 06); the reconstructed fort, 4.5 miles (7.5 km) southwest, is a national memorial.

Lord's Prayer

2005-01-09T10:47:00.000-08:00

Latin �Oratio Dominica, �also called �Pater Noster� (Latin: �Our Father�), prayer taught by Jesus to his disciples, and the principal prayer used by all Christians in common worship. It appears in two forms in the New Testament, the shorter version in Luke 11:2 - 4 and the longer version, part of the Sermon on the Mount, in Matthew 6:9 - 13. In both contexts it is offered as a model of how to pray. Many scholars believe the version in Luke to be closer

Great Karoo

2005-01-08T23:54:00.000-08:00

Karoo also spelled �Karroo�, Afrikaans �Groot Karoo�, also called �Central Karoo� plateau basin in Western Cape province, South Africa, lying between the Great Escarpment (north) and the Swartberg (south). It represents the effect of headwater erosion by rivers flowing southwest and southeast from the escarpment. The Great Karoo is divided into a western basin and a much larger eastern basin. The western, which is the headwater basin for the Doring

Biblical Literature, The Letter of Paul to the Galatians

2005-01-07T15:41:00.000-08:00

Paul's Letter to the Galatians is a forceful and passionate letter dealing with a very specific question: the relation of Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians in the church, the problem of justification through faith not works of the Law, and freedom in Christ. Paul probably wrote from Ephesus c. 53 - 54 to a church he had founded in the territory of Galatia in Asia

Ashmolean Museum Of Art And Archaeology

2005-01-06T14:28:00.000-08:00

One of the four museums of the University of Oxford and the oldest public museum of art, archaeology, and natural history in Great Britain. It was established to house collections donated to the university in 1677 by Elias Ashmole (1617 - 92), an antiquarian who had inherited the bulk of the collections from a friend, John Tradescant (1608 - 62). The museum was opened to the public in 1683 in a building

Nitrile

2005-01-05T01:49:00.000-08:00

Acrylonitrile is produced in large quantities by a process called ammoxidation that depends on the oxidation of propylene in the presence of ammonia and a catalyst. Acrylonitrile

Cadenza

2005-01-04T14:24:00.000-08:00

(Italian: �cadence�), unaccompanied bravura passage introduced at or near the close of a movement of a composition and serving as a brilliant climax, particularly in solo concerti of a virtuoso character. Until well into the 19th century such interpolated passages were often improvised by the performer at suitable openings left for that purpose by the composer. They

Jewish Agency

2005-01-03T22:12:00.000-08:00

Zionists needed financial backing for their project of creating a Jewish national home in Palestine. The Jewish Agency became an external arm of

�lvsborg

2005-01-02T01:45:00.000-08:00

Former l�n (county) of southwestern Sweden, located to the west and south of Lake V�nern. Formed as a county in 1634, it was merged with the counties of G�teborg och Bohus and Skaraborg in 1998 to form the county of V�stra G�taland.

Scandinavian Literature, The heroic sagas

2005-01-01T14:59:00.000-08:00

The fantastic element was further developed in the fornaldar s�gur, literally �the sagas of antiquity,� whose heroes were supposed to have lived in Scandinavia and Germany before Iceland was settled. The best known, the V�lsunga saga (c. 1270), retold in prose stories from heroic lays of Sigurd, the Burgundians, and J�rmunrekr, and the Hr�lfs saga kraka (c. 1280 - 1350) incorporated ancient

Wied, Gustav

2004-12-31T02:10:00.000-08:00

Wied was the son of a well-to-do farmer. He spent most of his life in provincial surroundings, which provide the usual background for his works. He was a private tutor for years, and then an actor, before he became

Binchois, Gilles

2004-12-30T18:51:00.000-08:00

Binchois was in Paris in 1424 serving William de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, and returned with him to Hainaut in 1425. In 1430 Binchois joined the chapel of Philip III

Antarctica, Climate

2004-12-29T01:08:00.000-08:00

The unique weather and climate of Antarctica provide the basis for its familiar appellations - Home of the Blizzard and White Desert. By far the coldest continent, Antarctica has winter temperatures that range from -128.6� F (-89.2� C), the world's lowest recorded temperature, measured at Vostok Station (Russia) on July 21, 1983, on the high inland ice sheet to -76� F (-60� C) near sea level. Temperatures

I-n-salah

2004-12-28T15:10:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �A�n Salah, � oasis town, central Algeria, on the southern edge of the arid Tadema�t Plateau. At the crossing of ancient trans-Saharan caravan routes, it was once an important trade link between northern and central Africa but has declined in modern times owing to high transportation costs and the exodus of workers to the developing gas fields 60 miles (100 km) southwest. Mainly visited

Kubin, Alfred

2004-12-27T17:14:00.000-08:00

In 1898 Kubin went to Munich, Bavaria, in the German Empire (now Germany), to study art. As a student, he discovered the works that would become his major influences: the fantastic

Cantus Firmus

2004-12-26T08:18:00.000-08:00

Plural �Cantus Firmi, � preexistent melody, such as a plainchant excerpt, underlying a polyphonic musical composition (one consisting of several independent voices or parts). The 11th- and 12th-century organum added a simple second melody (duplum) to an existing plainchant melody (the vox principalis, or principal voice), which by the end of the 12th century was stretched so as to accommodate a melody.

Croghan, George

2004-12-25T13:24:00.000-08:00

Migrating from Ireland in 1741, Croghan settled on the western

Dievs

2004-12-24T03:47:00.000-08:00

Also called �Debestevs� (Latvian), Lithuanian �Dievas�, Old Prussian �Deivas� in Baltic religion, the sky god. Dievs and Laima, the goddess of human fate, determine human destiny and world order. Dievs is a wooer of Saule, the sun. As pictured by the pre-Christian Balts, he is an Iron Age Baltic king who lives on a farmstead in the sky. Wearing a silver gown, pendants, and a sword, he occasionally rides down to earth, on horseback or in a horse-drawn chariot,

Mountain, Landforms associated with hot spot volcanism

2004-12-23T01:08:00.000-08:00

Some volcanic phenomena occur at large distances from plate boundaries (for example, on the Hawaiian Islands or at Yellowstone National Park in the western continental United States). Also, as noted above, volcanism is especially intense at some parts of the mid-ocean ridge system (as in Iceland or the Gal�pagos Islands in the eastern Pacific). Magmas erupted in these

Caccini, Giulio

2004-12-22T00:41:00.000-08:00

Also called �Giulio Romano � singer and composer whose songs greatly helped to establish and disseminate the new monodic music introduced in Italy about 1600. This is music in which an expressive melody is accompanied by evocative chords, as opposed to the traditional polyphonic style with its complex interweaving of several melodic

Badminton

2004-12-21T22:49:00.000-08:00

Many badminton experts were surprised when 20-year-old Peter Gade Christensen of Denmark finished 1997 on top of the men's singles world rankings. At the Japan Open in January 1998, however, Gade Christensen easily defeated Luo Yigang of China to win the sport's first major event of the year and proved his number-one status was no accident. Gong Zhichao of China rose to the top of

Lille

2004-12-20T16:45:00.000-08:00

Lille (often written L'�le [�the island�] until the 18th century) began as a village between arms of the De�le River. Count Baldwin IV of Flanders fortified it in the 11th century. The medieval

Niza, Marcos De

2004-12-19T07:54:00.000-08:00

Niza went to the Americas in 1531 and served in Peru, Guatemala, and Mexico. At Culiac�n, Mex., he freed Indian slaves from regions to the north. Under orders from the viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, Niza and a Moor, Esteban,

Lipase

2004-12-18T13:42:00.000-08:00

Initial lipase digestion occurs in the lumen (interior) of the small intestine. Bile salts reduce the surface tension of the fat droplets

Bonaparte, Charles-lucien, Principe (prince) Di Canino E Di Musignano

2004-12-17T01:11:00.000-08:00

Scientist, eldest son of Napoleon I's second surviving brother Lucien. His publication of American Ornithology, 4 vol. (1825 - 33), established his scientific reputation. In 1848 - 49, when he took part in the political agitation for Italian independence against the Austrians, his scientific career experienced a brief hiatus, and he was forced to leave Italy in July

Locomotive

2004-12-16T06:28:00.000-08:00

Although motive power can be incorporated into a car that also has passenger, baggage, or freight accomodations, it most often is provided by a separate unit, the locomotive, which includes the machinery to generate (or, in the case of an electric locomotive, to convert) power and transmit

Aurelian Wall

2004-12-15T01:04:00.000-08:00

It was originally constructed of tufa concrete, with a facing of triangular

Epistemology, David Hume

2004-12-14T05:28:00.000-08:00

Although Berkeley rejected the Lockean notions of primary and secondary qualities and matter, he retained Locke's beliefs in the existence of mind, substance, and cause as a power or secret force. David Hume (1711 - 76), in addition to rejecting all the Lockean notions that Berkeley did, also rejected what Berkeley had retained. His justification for this step was empiricist

Astor, Mary

2004-12-13T09:47:00.000-08:00

Astor's early career was